government to the Netherlands, where a strong pro-RMS sentiment is still strong among the Moluccan community of more than 40,000 people (Cohen, 1995). Meanwhile, the remaining RMS (ex-KNIL) troops fled to the interior of Seram, from where they continued a protracted guerilla war against the TNI forces until 1964, when the RMS President, Chris Soumokil, was caught and sentenced to death in Jakarta. Many local villagers in the interior of Seram have a traumatic memory of that 1950-1964 period, when the ongoing protracted war betwen the TNI forces and the RMS guerillas deprived them from their peaceful hunting-gathering-and-rotational gardening lifestyle (see for instance, Wolff & Florey, 1996: 270).
(9). This line of argument, blaming an 'RMS-GPM-PDI Perjuangan conspiracy' for the inter-religious riots which have gone on and off since mid January 1999, and has taken a death toll of more than 3,000 people (AFP, May 1, 2000), is pushed by a retired Moluccan police commander, Brigadier General Rustam Kastor, whose book has been circulating in e-mail form through a dozen Islamic mailing lists, and has also been published in hard copy in Indonesia (see Kanstor, 2000). It is also popular among the Muslim groups who oppose President Abdurrahman Wahid's more inclusive religious politics.
(10). In addition to the RMS rebellion in Maluku, the young republic had to deal with a series of rebellions on Java, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Acheh, to transform Indonesia into an Islamic state. This is known as the DI-TII rebellion. Then, in the late 1950's, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supported a regional rebellion in North Sulawesi and Sumatra, which was more aimed at a better deal for the regions in sharing regional revenues with Jakarta. This is known as the PRRI-Permesta rebellion.
(11). Sometimes, without bothering its strict economic potentials, Sukarno did indeed attempt to distribute the 'development sweets' strategically to the regions which had been involved in those rebellions. In South Sulawesi, from where Sukarno recruited his Minister of Industry, M. Jusuf, Sukarno built a sugar mill in Bone, a cement factory in Tonasa, a paper mill in Gowa, and developed the harbour of Makassar, which was called Sukarno-Hatta.
(12). This 'scapegoat' politics of labelling dissidents as members or symphatizers of banned political parties or movements, has been a dominant intimidation technique used by the security apparatus during the Suharto era. In Java, the predominant scapegoat was the Communist Party (PKI). Muslim dissidents, all over Indonesia, were often labelled as being members of the Islamic rebellion, DI-TII. In West Papua, dissidents were often labelled as members of the banned Papuan Independence Movement, OPM, and in East Timor, one could easily be labelled as FRETILIN member (Aditjondro, 2000a: 178).
(13). Generals Sumeru, Hasan Slamet, and ...... For corruption under Sumeru, see Tempo , June 7, 1975: 22. For corruption under Hasan Slamet, who was also accused of being a womanizer, see report of DPP Angkatan Muda Pattimura to First Lady, Mrs. Tien Soeharto, on September 15, 1980 (copies kept by the author).
Bibliography:
Aditjondro, George J. (1990). "Sudah cukup manusiawikah pembangunan Indonesia Timur?" Surya , December 1.
____________ (2000a). "Ninjas, nanggalas, monuments and Mossad manuals: the anthropology of Indonesian state terror in East Timor." In Jeffrey A. Sluka (ed). Death squad: the anthropology of state terror. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 158-188.
____________ (2000b). "The political economy of violence in Maluku." Green Left Weekly , March 15. Chauvel, Richard (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt 1880-1950. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Cohen, Margot (1995). "Long road home: Moluccan exiles trickle back after 40 years." Far Eastern Economic Review , March 30, pp. 22-23.
Kastor, Rustam (2000). Konspirasi politik RMS dan Kristen menghancurkan umat Islam di Ambon, Maluku: mengungkap konflik berdarah antar umat beragama dan suara hati warga Muslim yang teraniaya. Yogyakarta: Wihdah Press.
Wolff, Xenia Y. & Margaret Florey (1996). "Foraging, agricultural, and culinary practices among the Alune of West Seram, with implications for the changing significance of cultivated plants as foodstuffs." In David Mearns & Chris Haley (eds). Remaking Maluku: social transformation in Eastern Indonesia. Special Monograph No. 1, Darwin: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Territory University.
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(9). This line of argument, blaming an 'RMS-GPM-PDI Perjuangan conspiracy' for the inter-religious riots which have gone on and off since mid January 1999, and has taken a death toll of more than 3,000 people (AFP, May 1, 2000), is pushed by a retired Moluccan police commander, Brigadier General Rustam Kastor, whose book has been circulating in e-mail form through a dozen Islamic mailing lists, and has also been published in hard copy in Indonesia (see Kanstor, 2000). It is also popular among the Muslim groups who oppose President Abdurrahman Wahid's more inclusive religious politics.
(10). In addition to the RMS rebellion in Maluku, the young republic had to deal with a series of rebellions on Java, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Acheh, to transform Indonesia into an Islamic state. This is known as the DI-TII rebellion. Then, in the late 1950's, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supported a regional rebellion in North Sulawesi and Sumatra, which was more aimed at a better deal for the regions in sharing regional revenues with Jakarta. This is known as the PRRI-Permesta rebellion.
(11). Sometimes, without bothering its strict economic potentials, Sukarno did indeed attempt to distribute the 'development sweets' strategically to the regions which had been involved in those rebellions. In South Sulawesi, from where Sukarno recruited his Minister of Industry, M. Jusuf, Sukarno built a sugar mill in Bone, a cement factory in Tonasa, a paper mill in Gowa, and developed the harbour of Makassar, which was called Sukarno-Hatta.
(12). This 'scapegoat' politics of labelling dissidents as members or symphatizers of banned political parties or movements, has been a dominant intimidation technique used by the security apparatus during the Suharto era. In Java, the predominant scapegoat was the Communist Party (PKI). Muslim dissidents, all over Indonesia, were often labelled as being members of the Islamic rebellion, DI-TII. In West Papua, dissidents were often labelled as members of the banned Papuan Independence Movement, OPM, and in East Timor, one could easily be labelled as FRETILIN member (Aditjondro, 2000a: 178).
(13). Generals Sumeru, Hasan Slamet, and ...... For corruption under Sumeru, see Tempo , June 7, 1975: 22. For corruption under Hasan Slamet, who was also accused of being a womanizer, see report of DPP Angkatan Muda Pattimura to First Lady, Mrs. Tien Soeharto, on September 15, 1980 (copies kept by the author).
Bibliography:
Aditjondro, George J. (1990). "Sudah cukup manusiawikah pembangunan Indonesia Timur?" Surya , December 1.
____________ (2000a). "Ninjas, nanggalas, monuments and Mossad manuals: the anthropology of Indonesian state terror in East Timor." In Jeffrey A. Sluka (ed). Death squad: the anthropology of state terror. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 158-188.
____________ (2000b). "The political economy of violence in Maluku." Green Left Weekly , March 15. Chauvel, Richard (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt 1880-1950. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Cohen, Margot (1995). "Long road home: Moluccan exiles trickle back after 40 years." Far Eastern Economic Review , March 30, pp. 22-23.
Kastor, Rustam (2000). Konspirasi politik RMS dan Kristen menghancurkan umat Islam di Ambon, Maluku: mengungkap konflik berdarah antar umat beragama dan suara hati warga Muslim yang teraniaya. Yogyakarta: Wihdah Press.
Wolff, Xenia Y. & Margaret Florey (1996). "Foraging, agricultural, and culinary practices among the Alune of West Seram, with implications for the changing significance of cultivated plants as foodstuffs." In David Mearns & Chris Haley (eds). Remaking Maluku: social transformation in Eastern Indonesia. Special Monograph No. 1, Darwin: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Territory University.
< Prev 1 2 3 4